Development of a virtual reality program in South Korea for the measurement of vital signs in children: a methodological study

Purpose@#We developed a virtual reality (VR) program for use in pediatric nursing practicums to help nursing students learn to measure vital signs in children. @*Methods@#The analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation model was employed between July 2021 and December 2021 at a university in South Korea. In the analysis phase, in-depth interviews were conducted with four nursing students, two nursing school graduates, and four experts. The topic and contents of the VR program were settled in the design phase. The VR program was developed and subsequently used and evaluated by 20 nursing students and four experts. @*Results@#The contents of the VR program for pediatric nursing practicums included the measurement of vital signs in a newborn baby and a young child, as well as an evaluation system. The mean score for the nursing students' satisfaction with practice was 4.02 out of 5 points. The mean scores for overall satisfaction with the VR program were 4.15 and 4.79 out of 5 points for nursing students and experts, respectively. @*Conclusion@#The VR program developed in this study allows nursing students to practice measuring vital signs in children, thus improving the students' clinical performance in pediatric nursing.

Development of a protocol for guidance in the pediatric nursing practicum in South Korea: a methodology study

Purpose@#Practical training in pediatric nursing gives students the opportunity to apply nursing knowledge to children in a realistic clinical context. Clinical practice faculty (CPF) and clinical nursing instructor (CNI) have played important roles in the pediatric nursing practicum. This study was conducted to develop a protocol to guide clinical practicum in pediatric nursing. @*Methods@#A service design methodology was employed between August 2020 and May 2021 at four universities and four hospitals in South Korea. The participants were five CPFs, five CNIs, five nursing college graduates, and 60 nursing students. The service design process had four phases: discovery, definition, development, and delivery. Data were collected through self-report questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and observations. The data were analyzed using content analysis and descriptive statistics. @*Results@#The participants reported needs for providing concrete guidance and explanation, nursing practice experience, and a link between school and the clinical field. A protocol was developed to fulfill the participants' needs. The protocol comprised detailed information, teaching methodology, and partnership to guide students in the pediatric nursing practicum. @*Conclusion@#The protocol developed in this study can be used to provide guidance for students' clinical practice in the field of pediatric nursing.

Development and evaluation of a pediatric nursing competency-building program for nursing students in South Korea: a quasi-experimental study

Purpose@#The present study aimed to develop and examine the effectiveness of a pediatric nursing competency-building program for nursing students. @*Methods@#This was a quasi-experimental study with a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design conducted between October and December 2021. The participants included 40 nursing students (20 each in the experimental and control groups) at a university in a South Korean city. The pediatric nursing competency-building program integrated problem-based learning and simulation into clinical field practice. The experimental group participated in the program, while the control group did not. Data were analyzed using the x2 test, the independent t-test, and repeated-measures analysis of variance. @*Results@#Pediatric nursing competency and clinical performance showed a greater increase in the experimental group than in the control group. However, the change in problem-solving ability in the experimental group was not significantly different from that in the control group. @*Conclusion@#The pediatric nursing competency-building program effectively improved students' pediatric nursing competency and clinical performance.

Effectiveness of an interprofessional ethics education for nursing and medical students in South Korea / 의료커뮤니케이션

Background@#: Interprofessional education is a necessary step in preparing healthcare providers. This study was done to develop an interprofessional ethical education for nursing and medical students in South Korea, and examine its effects on their readiness for interprofessional learning and achievement in learning outcomes. @*Methods@#: The study was designed using a one-group pretest-posttest design. The subjects were 34 4th-year nursing students and 39 5th-year medical students who participated in an interprofessional ethical education program. Descriptive statistics, a independent t-test, and a dependent t-test were used for data analysis. @*Results@#: After interprofessional ethical education, students’ readiness for interprofessional learning and achievement in learning outcomes were improved. The improvement of nursing students were higher than that of medical students. @*Conclusion@#: The study results indicate that an interprofessional ethical education for nursing and medical students is effective in increasing their readiness for interprofessional learning and achievement in learning outcomes.

Educational needs for practicing neonatal intensive care among Korean nursing students

Purpose@#This study was conducted to investigate the educational needs for practicing neonatal intensive care among Korean nursing students. @*Methods@#An explorative, sequential, mixed-methods design was used. Qualitative content analysis was conducted of in-depth interviews of six nursing students, five clinical practice faculty members, and five nurses in the neonatal intensive care unit. The results of a survey of 174 nursing students were analyzed quantitatively. @*Results@#Nursing students, clinical practice faculty members, and nurses wanted opportunities for direct nursing practice and education in school during neonatal intensive care practice. In terms of specific educational content, nursing students expressed the highest observation-related educational needs for communication with medical team members, and they expressed the highest practice-related educational needs for operating medical equipment used for neonatal intensive care. The nursing students' needs with regard to the method of practice education were highest for orientation from the head nurses. @*Conclusion@#Communication and operating medical equipment were found to be areas with high educational needs for practicing neonatal intensive care among Korean nursing students. Further research is needed to develop an educational framework and setting for practicing neonatal intensive care that would meet their needs.

Child-rearing experiences of mothers with early adolescents in Korean multicultural families

Purpose@#This study was conducted to explore the child-rearing experiences of mothers with early adolescents in Korean multicultural families. @*Methods@#The participants were six mothers with early adolescents in Korean multicultural families. Data were collected through in-depth interviews. The main question was, "Could you tell me about your child-rearing experiences with your adolescent child?" The data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. @*Results@#Four categories resulted from the analysis of child-rearing experiences of mothers with early adolescents in Korean multicultural families, as follows: "separation between myself and others", "distance between myself and my adolescent child", "making efforts to bridge the gap between myself and others", and "trying to connect with my adolescent child closely". @*Conclusion@#These findings indicate that mothers in Korean multicultural families made many efforts to bridge the gap between themselves and other people, and tried to connect with their children closely. The findings of this study emphasize specific aspects of how mothers with early adolescents experienced child-rearing in Korean multicultural families.

Needs for Post-hospital Education among Parents of Infants and Toddlers with Congenital Heart Disease

Purpose@#This study was conducted to investigate the educational needs of parents of infants and toddlers with congenital heart disease (CHD) after hospital discharge. @*Methods@#Qualitative content analysis was conducted of in-depth interviews of eight parents, and the results of an online survey of 171 parents were analyzed quantitatively. @*Results@#Only 16.4% of parents reported that they had received education after hospital discharge on how to provide care for a child with CHD at home. The main reason why parents did not receive education on this topic was that they did not have sufficient opportunities or information (75.5%). In addition, 97.1% of parents stated that they needed educational programs that would be available at home after discharge. In terms of specific educational content, parents expressed the highest needs for education on the symptoms of CHD and ways to cope with them, the prognosis of CHD, and the growth and development of infants and toddlers with CHD. @*Conclusion@#The study showed that parents’ educational needs were high in many ways. However, the information and educational opportunities offered after discharge were insufficient compared to those needs. Further research is needed to develop post-hospital educational programs that meet their needs.

Correlations between Obtaining Fever Management Information from the Internet and Knowledge and Practices of Fever Management by Mothers of Infants and Toddlers

Purpose@#This study was conducted to identify correlations between how much fever management information mothers obtained from the internet and their actual knowledge and practices of fever management. @*Methods@#This was a descriptive survey of 172 mothers with children aged between 0 and 3 attending five daycare centers located in the city of Daegu. Descriptive statistics, the independent t-test or one-way analysis of variance, and Pearson correlation coefficients were used for data analysis. @*Results@#In total, 75% of the mothers had searched the internet for information on fever management. The overwhelming majority (92.2%) used information from the internet to help manage fever in their children. Positive correlations were found between acquiring fever management information from the internet and fever management practices (r=.18, p=.038), and between mother’s knowledge and practices of fever management (r=.27, p<.001). @*Conclusion@#Based on the results of this study, to improve fever management practices, it is necessary to increase mothers’ knowledge. Therefore, resources should be developed to augment mothers’ knowledge of fever management through the internet.

Experiences of the Development of Parent-Adolescent Relationships among Korean Mothers

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to explore Korean mothers' experiences of the development of parent-adolescent relationships. METHODS: The participants were 18 Korean parents of adolescents. Data were collected through in-depth interviews. The main question was, “Could you tell me about your experiences of developing a relationship with your adolescent child?” The data were analyzed using Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory methodology. RESULTS: The central phenomena of the experiences of parent-adolescent relationships among Korean mothers were “trying to reduce my expectations, but not being able to” and “having no idea where to go”. The major action/interaction strategies were “putting aside my desires and adapting to my child's needs” and “waiting and seeing at a distance”. The consequences included “appreciating myself and my child at the same time”. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that mothers tried to adapt to their children's needs and to keep their children at a distance. Their efforts were influenced by advice from friends and family members. The findings of this study emphasize specific aspects of how Korean mothers experienced the process of developing respectful relationships with their children.

Design of Services for Improving the Quality of Care of Hospitalized Children with Acute Diseases

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to design services for improving the quality of care of hospitalized children with acute diseases.METHODS: The service design process had four phases: discovery, definition, development, and delivery. The participants were 23 mothers of hospitalized children with an acute disease, and seven nurses and three doctors working at a pediatric hospital. Data were collected through self-report questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and observations. The data were analyzed using content analysis and descriptive statistics.RESULTS: The participants reported needs for explanations about the treatment, skillful nursing, and environmental improvements. The concept of the services was familiarity and enjoyment, aimed at solving the problems of unfamiliarity and boredom. A six-guideline was presented for improving the quality of care of hospitalized children with acute diseases: improvement of awareness, development of educational materials, improvement of skills, environmental improvements, play activities, and evaluations of user satisfaction.CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that nursing services should deliver familiarity and enjoyment to hospitalized children and their families. The findings of this study emphasize that the service design methodology can be used to improve the quality of care of hospitalized children with acute diseases.

Factors associated with Obesity among Korean Adolescents based on the Seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016)

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to examine factors associated with obesity among Korean adolescents. METHODS: The participants were 436 Korean adolescents aged 12~18 years who took part in the seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016). The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, the χ² test, one-way analysis of variance, and multinomial logistic regression using complex sample analysis. RESULTS: Among the participants, 9.7% were classified as being obese, and 11.9% as being overweight. Several health parameters, including systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, waist circumference, and triglyceride, fasting blood sugar, and alanine aminotransferase levels, varied according to obesity. Distorted perceptions of body shape showed a significant negative association with overweight, and carbohydrate intake was negatively associated with obesity. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that obesity in Korean adolescents was associated with lifestyle and health parameters. Therefore, intervention programs for obese or overweight adolescents should focus on preventing them from developing health problems.

Influence of Professional Self-concept, Job Overload and Perceived Organizational Support on Job Involvement in Clinical Nurses / 한국간호교육학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the influence of professional self-concept, job overload, and perceived organizational support on job involvement in clinical nurses. METHODS: The participants in this study were 232 nurses who were working in five general hospitals in city D. Data was collected using self-reported questionnaires from August 16 to September 15, 2016. The data was analyzed using the IBM SPSS 19.0 program. RESULTS: Job involvement of clinical nurses was influenced by professional self-concept, perceived organizational support, turnover intention, age, and monthly income. These variables explained 47.6% of job involvement of clinical nurses, and professional self-concept was the most significant factor in job involvement. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that the job involvement of clinical nurses is influenced by professional self-concept and perceived organizational support. Consequently, it is necessary to increase professional self-concept and perceived organizational support for nurses' job involvement.

Influence of Achievement Motivation and Parent-Child Relationship on Ego Identity in Korean Nursing Students

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to characterize the influence of achievement motivation and the parent-child relationship on ego identity in Korean nursing students. METHODS: The participants were 217 Korean nursing students in the first and fourth year of university. Data were collected through self-report questionnaires composed of items assessing ego identity, achievement motivation, the parent-child relationship, and demographic characteristics. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance, the χ2 test, and multinomial logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Ego identity was related to achievement motivation; moreover, the achievement motivation of students with moratorium and achieved identity status was significantly higher than that of students with low-profile moratorium and diffused identity statuses. Ego identity was not related to the mother-child relationship, but the father-child relationship of students in foreclosure was sig-nificantly higher than that of students with diffused identity status. The factors influencing achieved identity compared to diffused identity were achievement motivation, year in school, satisfaction with school, and having religious beliefs. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that nursing students' ego identity attainment was more influenced by achievement motivation than by the parent-child relationship. It emphasizes that highly motivated students can develop their own identities regardless of the parent-child relationship.

Experiences of the Development of Parent-Child Relations among Korean College Students

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to explore experiences of the development of parent-child relations among Korean college students. METHODS: The participants were 18 Korean college students. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, and the main question was, “Could you tell me about how your relationship with your parents has developed?”. Data were analyzed using Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory methodology. RESULTS: The central phenomena of the experiences of parent-child relations among Korean college students were ‘new realizations about parent-child relations’ and ‘competing against parents’. The major action/interaction strategies were ‘having an equal status to one's parents’ and ‘keeping parents at a distance’. Consequences included 'going beyond the bounds of parental guidance’. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that students tried to give back to their parents, and also endeavored to stand apart from their parents in order to obtain independence. Their efforts were influenced by their parents' efforts to be tolerant towards their children. The findings emphasize that Korean college students experienced the process of building new, interdependent relations with their parents.

Experience of Career Decision of Korean Nursing Students

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the experiences of career decision making by Korean nursing students. METHODS: The participants were 18 nursing students from one nursing college. Data were collected through in-depth individual interviews, and the main question was, “Could you describe your experience of making a career decision?” Data from the field and transcribed notes were analyzed using Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory methodology. RESULTS: Core category of nursing students' experiences in making career decisions was ‘trying to find the way of being a nurse’. Action/interaction strategies were ‘becoming one's own self’, ‘actively exploring the way of being a nurse’, and ‘experiencing one’s own achievement as a future nurse’. Consequences were ‘deciding on the career on one’s own’ and ‘career indecision on one's own’. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that nursing students tried to know themselves, explore careers and experience their achievements, and that their efforts were influenced by real situations and support systems. Therefore, nurse educators should develop systems and programs to help students in nursing make career decisions.

Path Analysis of Factors Influencing Career Preparation Behavior of Korean Nursing Students - Based on Social Cognitive Career Theory

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify personal, contextual, and cognitive factors influencing the career preparation behavior of Korean nursing students. In this study, an examination was done of the fitness of a path model for the relationship among these factors based on the social cognitive career theory. METHODS: The participants were 413 nursing students in South Korea. Data were collected using self-report questionnaires that included self-esteem, social support, self-efficacy, outcome expectation, career decision level, and career preparation behavior. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, and path analysis. RESULTS: The factors influencing career preparation behavior were self-efficacy, career decision level, self-esteem, outcome expectation, and social support. The factors influencing career decision level were self-efficacy, outcome expectation, self-esteem, and social support. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that self-efficacy is an important factor influencing the career behavior of Korean nursing students. Nurse educators should consider personal, contextual, and cognitive factors of nursing students and develop systemic career guidance programs to help nursing students' career preparation behavior.

Korean Nursing Students' Experience of Ego Identity Development

PURPOSE: This study was done to explore the experiences of ego identity development in Korean nursing students. METHODS: Data were collected from 16 nursing students through in-depth interviews. The main question was, “Could you tell me your experience of developing an ego identity?” Data were analyzed using Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory methodology. RESULTS: The core category of the experiences of ego identity development in Korean nursing students was ‘trying to be a different new person’. Action/interaction strategies were ‘solving the problem using experiences’, ‘making one's own success story’, and ‘making harmony with others’. Consequences were ‘being sure of oneself as a new person’. CONCLUSION: Korean nursing students tried to use their experiences, achieve success, and harmonize with others. Their efforts were influenced by conflicts and supports of people around. Therefore, nurse educators should understand contextual and intervening conditions of nursing students, and try to help them achieve ego identities.

Vocational Identity and Ego Identity Status in Korean Nursing Students

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between vocational identity and ego identity status among Korean nursing students. METHODS: The participants were 311 nursing students in South Korea who were attending either a 4-year bachelor's program or a 3-year diploma program. Data were collected using self-report questionnaires that addressed vocational identity, ego identity status, and demographic information. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance, t test, and Chi-square test. RESULTS: In terms of ego identity status, 31.5% of nursing students were classified as being in diffusion status, followed by 28.3% in low profile moratorium status, 14.8% in moratorium status, 14.1% in foreclosure status, and 11.3% in achievement status. Vocational identity differed according to ego identity status; vocational identity among students who were in achievement status was higher than for those in all other statuses. Vocational identity also differed according to grade level and monthly family income. Ego identity status was related to the type of program enrolled in, grade level, and monthly family income. CONCLUSIONS: These findings show that nursing students in identity achievement status have secure and clear vocational identities. Further longitudinal and qualitative studies are needed to find out if identity formation among nursing students changes with age.

Influence of Parental Media Use, Educational Needs, and Media Guidance for Children on Children's Media Use

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the influence of parental media use, parents' educational needs regarding media use, and parents' media guidance for children on the children's media use. METHODS: The participants were 161 parents of elementary school children in the 1st and 4th grades. Data were collected through self-report questionnaires, and analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 19.0 IBM program. RESULTS: The average times for watching television and using the internet in the children were 11.44 hours and 5.89 hours per week, respectively. Children's time watching television was influenced by parents' time watching television, children's gender (girl), and parents' educational needs. Children's television dependency was influenced by parents' educational needs, parents' time watching television, and parents' age (under 36 years). Time using the internet and internet dependency in the children were influenced by parents' educational needs, family monthly income (under 3 million won), and parents' guidance for children on watching television. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that elementary school children's media use is influenced by parental media use, parents' educational needs, and parents' media guidance for children. Therefore parental factors should be considered in developing approaches to provide education programs to prevent media overuse in children.

Cell Phone Addiction in School-Age Children and Related Factors

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify cell phone addiction in school-age children and factors influencing addiction. METHODS: The participants were 163 parents of elementary school students in the 1st to 4th grades. Data were collected through self-report questionnaires completed by the parents, and analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 19.0 IBM program. RESULTS: Of the children, 86.5% were reported as being average users, 9.2%, at risk users, and 4.3%, at high risk users. Cell phone addiction in the children was significantly different according to games played by the children and parents' monthly income. Significant factors influencing cell phone addiction in the children were children's self-control, games played by the children, parents' cell phone addiction and parental control for children's cell phone use, explaining 24% of variance in cell phone addiction. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that cell phone addiction in school-age children is influenced by parent-related factors as well as personal factors. Therefore approaches to education programs on cell phone use in school-age children should include parent-related factors as well as personal factors of the children.